Polyglycerol aldehydes

ABSTRACT

Novel polyglycerol aldehyde polymers are described. The polymers comprise glycerol monomers connected by ether linkages and have 3 to about 170 aldehyde groups per molecule. The polyglycerol aldehydes may be reacted with various amine-containing polymers to form hydrogel tissue adhesives and sealants that may be useful for medical applications such as wound closure, supplementing or replacing sutures or staples in internal surgical procedures such as intestinal anastomosis and vascular anastomosis, tissue repair, preventing leakage of fluids such as blood, bile, gastrointestinal fluid and cerebrospinal fluid, ophthalmic procedures, drug delivery, and preventing post-surgical adhesions.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a 35 U.S.C. §371 national state filing of International Application No. PCT/US2010/028781, which claims the benefit of and priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 to U.S. Provisional Application Ser. Nos. 61/164,005; 61/164,007 and 61/164,012, all of which were filed Mar. 27, 2009. The entire contents of each of the foregoing applications are incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to the field of medical adhesives and sealants. More specifically, the invention relates to novel polyglycerol aldehydes that are useful for forming hydrogel tissue adhesives and sealants for medical use.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Tissue adhesives and sealants have many potential medical applications, including wound closure, supplementing or replacing sutures or is staples in internal surgical procedures, preventing leakage of fluids such as blood, bile, gastrointestinal fluid and cerebrospinal fluid, adhesion of synthetic onlays or inlays to the cornea, drug delivery devices, and as anti-adhesion barriers to prevent post-surgical adhesions. Conventional tissue adhesives are generally not suitable for a wide range of adhesive applications. For example, cyanoacrylate-based adhesives have been used for topical wound closure, but the release of toxic degradation products limits their use for internal applications. Fibrin-based adhesives are slow curing, have poor mechanical strength, and pose a risk of viral infection. Additionally, fibrin-based adhesives do not bond covalently to the underlying tissue.

Several types of hydrogel tissue adhesives have been developed, which have improved adhesive and cohesive properties and are nontoxic. These hydrogels are generally formed by reacting a component having nucleophilic groups with a component having electrophilic groups that are capable of reacting with the nucleophilic groups of the first component, to form a crosslinked network via covalent bonding. A number of these hydrogel tissue adhesives are prepared using an oxidized polysaccharide containing aldehyde groups as one of the reactive components (see for example, Kodokian et al., copending and commonly owned U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2006/0078536, Goldmann, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2005/0002893, and Nakajima et al., U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2008/0319101). However, the instability of oxidized polysaccharides in aqueous solution limits their shelf-life for commercial use. For example, dextran aldehyde undergoes hydrolytic depolymerization much more rapidly than its parent polymer, dextran (E. Schacht et al. J. Controlled Release, 1:33-46, 1984; and Callant at al. Reactive Polymers, 8:129-136, 1988).

Therefore, the need exists for a polymer containing aldehyde groups, which is useful in forming hydrogel tissue adhesives and sealants for medical use and which is more stable in aqueous solution than oxidized polysaccharides. The need also exists for a polymer containing aldehyde groups, which is more stable in aqueous solution than oxidized polysaccharides and which, when combined with a water-dispersible multi-arm polyether amine, produces tissue adhesives with adhesive strengths that are similar to or greater than those of comparable formulations produced with an oxidized polysaccharide.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention addresses the above needs by providing novel polyglycerol aldehydes which are more stable in aqueous solution than oxidized polysaccharides and may be reacted with various amine-containing polymers to form hydrogel tissue adhesives and sealants, which have desirable properties for medical applications.

Accordingly, in one embodiment, the invention provides a polymer comprising glycerol monomers connected by ether linkages and having 3 to about 170 aldehyde groups per molecule.

In one embodiment, the polymer has the general formula

wherein: A is either (a) a hydrocarbyl group derived by removing one or more hydroxyl groups from an alcohol or polyol containing 1 to 20 carbon atoms and 1 to 8 hydroxyl groups or (b) an oxahydrocarbyl or polyoxahydrocarbyl group derived by removing one or more hydroxyl groups from the reaction product of (i) an alcohol or polyol containing 1 to 20 carbon atoms and 1 to 8 hydroxyl groups and (ii) one or more cyclic ethers, wherein the M_(n) of the reaction product is less than or equal to about 5,000 Da; R¹ is a hydrogen atom, a 1 to 8-carbon hydrocarbyl group, R²—O—[R³—CHO]_(p), or R³—CHO; R² is a polymeric segment comprising 1 to 270 glycerol units connected by ether linkages; R³ is a hydrocarbylene group containing 1 to 8 carbon atoms; n=1 to 8; m·n=3 to 170; and p=1 to 40.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

As used above and throughout the description of the invention, the is following terms, unless otherwise indicated, shall be defined as follows:

The term “polyglycerol aldehyde” as used herein refers to a polymer that comprises glycerol monomers connected by ether linkages and having 3 to about 170 aldehyde groups per molecule.

The term “ether linkage” refers to a chemical linkage of two substituted or unsubstituted alkyl or aryl groups through an oxygen atom, (i.e., R—O—R′), such that neither R nor R′ contain another oxygen atom attached directly to the carbon atom that forms the ether linkage. That is, the ether linkage is not part of an acetal, ketal, glycosidic, ester or orthoester moiety.

The term “equivalent weight per aldehyde group”, also referred to herein as “EW”, refers to the molecular weight of the polyglycerol aldehyde divided by the number of aldehyde groups introduced in the molecule.

The term “m·n” means the quantity represented by “m” multiplied by the quantity represented by “n”.

The term “water-dispersible, multi-arm polyether amine” refers to a polyether having three or more polymer chains (“arms”), which may be linear or branched, emanating from a central structure, which may be a single atom, a core molecule, or a polymer backbone, wherein at least three of the branches (“arms”) are terminated by a primary amine group. The water-dispersible, multi-arm polyether amine is water soluble or is able to be dispersed in water to form a colloidal suspension capable of reacting with a second reactant in aqueous solution or dispersion.

The term “polyether” refers to a polymer having the repeat unit [—O—R]—, wherein R is a hydrocarbylene group having 2 to 5 carbon atoms. The polyether may also be a random or block copolymer comprising different repeat units.

The term “degree of branching” is defined by D. Hölter, et al. (Acta Polym. 48:30-35, 1997) and refers to the percent of branch points in a polymer, relative to the maximum number of branch points theoretically possible.

The term “hyperbranched” refers to a polymer that is highly branched, having a degree of branching as defined by D. Hölter, et al. (Acta Polym. 48:30-35, 1997) of about 10% to about 99.9%, more particularly about 20% to about 99%, and more particularly about 30% to about 70% (U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2008/0045668).

The term “primary amine” refers to a neutral amino group having two free hydrogens. The amino group may be bound to a primary, secondary or tertiary carbon.

The term “crosslink” refers to a bond or chain of atoms attached between and linking two different polymer chains.

The term “% by weight”, also referred to herein as “wt %” refers to the weight percent relative to the total weight of the solution or dispersion, unless otherwise specified.

The term “tissue” refers to any biological tissue, both living and dead, in humans or animals.

The term “hydrogel” refers to a water-swellable polymeric matrix, consisting of a three-dimensional network of macromolecules held together by covalent crosslinks, that can absorb a substantial amount of water to form an elastic gel.

The term “PEG” as used herein refers to poly(ethylene glycol).

The term “M_(w)” as used herein refers to the weight-average molecular weight.

The term “M_(n)” as used herein refers to the number-average molecular weight.

The term “medical application” refers to medical applications as related to humans and animals.

The meaning of abbreviations used is as follows: “min” means minute(s), “h” means hour(s), “sec” means second(s), “d” means day(s), “mL” means milliliter(s), “L” means liter(s), “μL” means microliter(s), “cm” means centimeter(s), “mm” means millimeter(s), “μm” means micrometer(s), “mol” means mole(s), “mmol” means millimole(s), “g” means gram(s), “mg” means milligram(s), “wt %” means percent by weight, “mol %” means mole percent, “Vol” means volume, “v/v” means volume per volume, “w/w” means weight per weight, “Da” means Dalton(s), “kDa” means kiloDalton(s), the designation “10K” means that a polymer molecule possesses a number-average molecular weight of 10 kiloDaltons, “M” means molarity, “kPa” means kilopascal(s), “NMR” means nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, “¹H NMR” means proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, “¹³C NMR” means carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, “ppm” means parts per million, “PBS” means phosphate-buffered saline, “MWCO” means molecular weight cut off, “psi” means pounds per square inch, “MW” means molecular weight, “FW” means formula weight, “MHz” means megahertz, “SEC” means size exclusion chromatography, “dn/dc” means the specific refractive index increment (i.e., the change in refractive index per change in concentration), “cP” means centipoise.

Disclosed herein are novel polyglycerol aldehyde compositions. The polyglycerol aldehydes may be reacted with various amine-containing polymers to form hydrogel tissue adhesives and sealants, which have desirable properties for medical applications. The polyglycerol aldehydes are more stable in aqueous solution than are oxidized polysaccharides, thereby, making their use more practical for commercial purposes. The hydrogel tissue adhesives and sealants prepared using the polyglycerol aldehydes are useful for medical and veterinary applications, including, but not limited to, wound closure, supplementing or replacing sutures or staples in internal surgical procedures such as intestinal anastomosis and vascular anastomosis, tissue repair, preventing leakage of fluids such as blood, bile, gastrointestinal fluid and cerebrospinal fluid, ophthalmic procedures, drug delivery, and preventing post-surgical adhesions.

Polyglycerol Aldehydes

Polyglycerol aldehydes are polymers that comprise glycerol monomers connected by ether linkages and having 3 to about 170 aldehyde groups per molecule. Useful polyglycerol aldehydes have number-average molecular weights of about 400 to about 20,000 Daltons, more particularly about 1,000 to about 20,000 Daltons, more particularly about 2,000 to about 20,000 Daltons, and more particularly about 2,000 to about 10,000 Daltons; and an equivalent weight per aldehyde group of about 100 to about 3,000 Daltons, more particularly about 100 to about 2,000 Daltons, more particularly about 100 to about 1,500 Daltons, more particularly about 200 to 1,500 Daltons, more particularly about 100 to about 1,000 Daltons, more particularly about 100 to about 800 Daltons, more particularly about 200 to about 800 Daltons, and more particularly about 200 to about 400 Daltons.

In one embodiment, the polyglycerol aldehydes have the general formula:

wherein: A is either (a) a hydrocarbyl group derived by removing one or more hydroxyl groups from an alcohol or polyol containing 1 to 20 carbon atoms and 1 to 8 hydroxyl groups or (b) an oxahydrocarbyl or polyoxahydrocarbyl group derived by removing one or more hydroxyl groups from the reaction product of (i) an alcohol or polyol containing 1 to 20 carbon atoms and 1 to 8 hydroxyl groups and (ii) one or more cyclic ethers such as oxirane, methyloxirane, oxetane or oxolane, wherein the M_(n) of the reaction product is equal to or less than about 5,000 Da; R¹ is a hydrogen atom, a 1 to 8-carbon hydrocarbyl group, R²—O[R³—CHO]_(p), or R³—CHO; R² is a polymeric segment comprising 1 to 270 glycerol units connected by ether linkages; R³ is a hydrocarbylene group containing 1 to 8 carbon atoms; n=1 to 8; m·n=3 to 170; and p=1 to 40. R² may also comprise other monomers including, but not limited to, oxirane, methyloxirane, oxetane and oxolane.

In one embodiment, A in general formula (1) is CH₃CH₂C(CH₂—)₃, derived by removing the three hydroxyl groups from trimethylolpropane; R² is a polymeric segment consisting of 1 to 60 glycerol units connected by ether linkages; R³ is —CH—; R¹ is a hydrogen atom, R²—O[R³—CHO]_(p), or R³—CHO; m=1 to 30; n=3; and p=1 to 30.

Polyglycerol aldehydes may be prepared from polyglycerols, which are available commercially from companies such as Hyperpolymers GmbH, Freiburg, Germany. Additionally, suitable polyglycerols may be prepared using methods known in the art such as those described by Sunder et al. (Macromolecules 32:4240-4246, 1999); U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,765,082 and 6,822,068, and U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2003/0120022. Typically, polyglycerols are a heterogeneous mixture having a distribution of different molecular weights, and are characterized by an average molecular weight, for example, the weight-average molecular weight (M_(w)), or the number average molecular weight (M_(n)), as is known in the art. Suitable polyglycerols have a number-average molecular weight of about 400 to about 20,000 Daltons, more particularly about 1,000 to about 20,000 Daltons, more particularly about 2,000 to about 20,000 Daltons, and more particularly about 2,000 to about 10,000 Daltons.

The core of the polyglycerol, represented by A in general formula (1) above, may be derived from an alcohol or polyol. Examples of suitable alcohols include, but are not limited to, methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, butanol, tert-butanol, 2-methoxyethanol, 2-(2-methoxyethoxy)ethanol and monomethyl ethers of poly(ethylene glycol) and poly(propylene glycol). Examples of suitable polyols include, but are not limited to, ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1,2-butanediol, 1,4-butanediol, glycerol, trimethylolpropane, diglycerol, pentaerythritol, triglycerol, tetraglycerol, dipentaerythritol, sorbitol, mannitol and hexaglycerol. In addition, the core of the polyglycerol, represented by A in general formula (1), may be derived from an alcohol or polyol that has been ethoxylated, propoxylated or otherwise alkoxylated by reaction with one or more cyclic ether such as oxirane, methyloxirane, oxetane or oxolane. Ethoxylated and propoxylated alcohols and polyols are commercially available and methods for making them are well known in the art. They are sold, for example, by the Aldrich Chemical Company, Perstorp Polyols, Inc. (Toledo, Ohio), Spectrum Chemicals (Gardena, Calif.) and Wako Pure Chemical Industries (Osaka, Japan). They can be made according to methods disclosed in, for example, U.S. Patent Application Publications 2004/0096507 and 2006/0135391 and International Patent Application Publications WO 1986/002635, EP 0395316, WO 2003/027054 and WO 2006/106122. Alcohols and polyols that have been both ethoxylated and propoxylated by either random or block copolymerization are commercially available and methods for making them are well known in the art. They are sold, for example, by the Aldrich Chemical Company. They can be made according to methods disclosed in, for example, International Patent Application Publication WO 2004/076528.

Polyglycerol aldehydes may also be prepared from polyglycerols containing other epoxide monomers, including, but not limited to, oxirane and methyloxirane. Polyglycerols containing other epoxide monomers can be prepared according to methods known in the art, such as those described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,765,082.

Polyglycerol aldehydes may be prepared by oxidizing suitable polyglycerols, which are described above, to introduce aldehyde groups using any suitable oxidizing agent, including, but not limited to, periodic acid, soluble or insoluble periodate salts, polymer-bound periodate, periodate salts adsorbed onto an insoluble carrier such as silica gel, lead tetraacetate, catalytic triphenylbismuth with N-bromosuccinimide or bromine and potassium carbonate (D. H. R. Barton et al. Tetrahedron 42:5627-5636, 1986; WO 2004/087634), N-iodosuccinimide, and oxygen with a catalyst such as dichlorotris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium(II). For example, the polyglycerol may be oxidized by reaction with sodium periodate, as described in detail in the Examples herein below. The polyglycerol may be reacted with different amounts of periodate to give polyglycerol aldehydes with different degrees of oxidation and therefore, different amounts of aldehyde groups (i.e., different equivalent weights per aldehyde group). The degree of oxidation of the polyglycerol aldehyde may be determined using methods known in the art. For example, the density of aldehyde groups (mole equivalents per gram) may be determined spectrophotometrically (M. Sugimoto et al. WO 9901480) or by titration with silver oxide and potassium thiocyanate (J. A. Mayes et al. Analytical. Chemistry 36:934-935, 1964), sodium bisulfite and alkali (S. Siggia et al. Analytical. Chemistry 19:1023-1025, 1947) or hydroxylamine hydrochloride and alkali (H. Zhao et al. Pharmaceutical Research 8:400-402, 1991). Alternatively, the degree of oxidation of the polyglycerol aldehyde may be determined using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy.

Polyglycerol aldehydes may also be prepared by chemically modifying a suitable polyglycerol to append aldehyde groups covalently to the polymer using methods known in the art. For example, the hydroxyl groups of polyglycerol can be alkylated or acylated with compounds containing masked aldehyde groups. Examples of masked aldehyde groups include cyclic and acyclic acetals and thioacetals. Alkylating agents containing masked aldehyde groups include, but are not limited to, dimethyl, diethyl and other dialkyl acetals and thioacetals of 2-haloethanal, 3-halopropanal and 4-halobutanal and 2-(halomethyl)-, 2-(2-haloethyl)- and 2-(3-halopropyl) derivatives of 1,3-dioxolane, 1,3-dioxane, 1,3-dithiolane and 1,3-dithiane, wherein “halo-” is chloro, bromo or iodo. Acylating agents containing masked aldehyde groups include, but are not limited to, 3,3-dimethoxypropionyl chloride, 2-(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)-, 2-(1,3-dioxan-2-yl)-, 2-(1,3-dithiolan-2-yl)-, and 2-(1,3-dithian-2-yl)acetyl chloride, and 3-(1,3-dioxolan-2-yl)-, 3-(1,3-dioxan-2-yl)-, 3-(1,3-dithiolan-2-yl)-, and 3-(1,3-dithian-2-yl)propionyl chloride. Once glycerol has been alkylated or acylated with a compound containing a masked aldehyde group, the aldehyde group can be unmasked by, for example, by mild acid- or metal-catalyzed hydrolysis of the acetal or thioacetal.

The hydroxyl groups of polyglycerol can also be alkylated or acylated with compounds containing functional groups that can be subsequently oxidized or reduced to aldehydes. Examples of functional groups that can be oxidized to aldehydes are carbon-carbon double bonds and primary alcohols. Examples of functional groups that can be reduced to aldehydes are carboxylic acids and esters.

Carbon-carbon double bonds can be oxidized to aldehydes by, for example, ozonolysis, dihydroxylation followed by glycol cleavage, and epoxidation followed by hydrolysis. Dihydroxylation of carbon-carbon double bonds can be achieved using, for example, osmium tetroxide, an osmate salt such as potassium osmate, or a permanganate salt such as potassium permanganate. The resulting glycols can be cleaved using, for example, periodic acid, a periodate salt such as sodium or potassium periodate, lead tetraacetate, catalytic triphenylbismuth with N-bromosuccinimide, N-iodosuccinimide or bromine, or oxygen with a catalyst such as dichlorotris(triphenylphosphine)ruthenium(II). Carbon-carbon double bonds can be epoxidized using hydrogen peroxide, alkyl peroxides such as tert-butyl peroxide, peroxycarboxylic acids such as meta-chloroperbenzoic acid, performic acid, peracetic acid, monoperoxyphthalic acid and magnesium monoperoxyphthalate, dioxiranes such as dimethyldioxirane and bis(trifluoromethyl)dioxirane, dioxygen with a suitable catalyst, iodosylbenzene, hypochlorous acid, a hypochlorite salt such as sodium hypochlorite, or potassium peroxysulfate.

Primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes using, for example, pyridinium chlorochromate, dichromate salts such as sodium, potassium and pyridinium dichromate, (diacetoxyiodo)benzene, Dess-Martin periodinane, or a system in which dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is the ultimate oxidant, as in the Swern and Pfitzner-Moffatt oxidations. One skilled in the art recognizes that, at the time that polyglycerol is alkylated or acylated with a compound containing a primary hydroxyl group, the hydroxyl group may be masked or “protected” using any of a variety of groups known in the art, including but not limited to, those described by Wuts and Greene (Greene's Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 4th Edition; Wiley, 2006; chapter 2). In particular, primary hydroxyl groups may be masked as benzyl or substituted benzyl ethers, tert-butyl ethers, silyl ethers, or tetrahydropyranyl ethers.

Carboxylic acids can be reduced to aldehydes using, for example, lithium tris-tert-butoxyaluminium hydride, diisobutylaluminum hydride (DIBAL-H), thexylchloroborane-dimethylsulfide, 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane, or sodium hypophosphite and pivalic anhydride with palladium acetate-tricyclohexylphosphine as catalyst. Carboxylic esters can be reduced to aldehydes using, for example, DIBAL-H. Alternately, carboxylic esters can be reduced to the corresponding primary alcohol using, for example, lithium aluminum hydride, lithium borohydride, a lithium aminoborohydride such as lithium diethylaminoborohydride, zinc borohydride or sodium borohydride and then oxidized back up to the aldehyde as described above.

Examples of reagents that can be used to attach carbon-carbon double bonds to polyglycerol include, but are not limited to, allyl chloride, allyl bromide, allyl iodide, 3-butenyl chloride, 3-butenyl bromide, 3-butenyl iodide, allyl glycidyl ether, 4-pentenoyl chloride and allyl isocyanate. Examples of reagents that can be used to attach masked primary alcohols onto polyglycerol include, but are not limited to, 2-(trimethylsiloxy)ethyl isocyanate, 2-benzyloxyethyl isocyanate, 2-(benzyloxy)ethyl chloroformate, 2-(2-(benzyloxy)ethoxy)ethyl chloroformate, (2-benzyloxyethoxy)acetyl chloride, 1-benzyloxy-2-chloromethoxyethane. Examples of reagents that can be used to attach carboxylic acids or esters to polyglycerol include, but are not limited to, chloroacetic acid, bromoacetic acid, iodoacetic acid, methyl or ethyl chloroacetate, methyl or ethyl bromoacetate, methyl or ethyl iodoacetate, ethyl isocyanatoacetate and ethoxycarbonylmethyl chloroformate.

The amount of aldehyde groups incorporated into the polyglycerol may be determined using the methods described above.

In one embodiment, the polyglycerol aldehyde is hyperbranched, having a degree of branching of about 10% to about 99.9%, more particularly about 20% to about 99%, and more particularly about 30% to about 70%. Degree of branching may be determined by any of various methods known in the art, including but not limited to NMR spectroscopic methods. The degree of branching of a polyglycerol aldehyde may be determined by measuring the degree of branching of its precursor polyglycerol, before the precursor polyglycerol is oxidized or chemically modified, as described above, to introduce aldehyde groups, since oxidation and chemical modification of polyglycerol as described above does not alter the degree of branching of the polymer.

A method for determining the degree of branching of polyglycerols by ¹³C NMR spectroscopy has been described by A. Sunder et al. (Macromolecules 32:4240-4246, 1999). Alternatively, the degree of branching of a polyglycerol can be calculated from its number average molecular weight (M_(n)) and its equivalent weight per terminal diol moiety. The number average molecular weight can be determined by methods known in the art, including but not limited to SEC and NMR spectroscopy. The equivalent weight per terminal diol moiety can be determined, for example, by exhaustively oxidizing the diol moieties with sodium periodate and then titrating the resulting reaction solution for sodium iodate and residual sodium periodate, using a method such as, for example, that of R. Belcher et al. (Analytica Chimica Acta 41:395-397, 1968). For a given M_(n), the theoretical equivalent weight per terminal diol moiety for several degrees of branching can be calculated to make a plot of degree of branching versus equivalent weight per terminal diol moiety. The curve that best fits the calculated points may be determined using nonlinear regression, and the resulting nonlinear regression equation may be used to calculate the degree of branching based on the M_(n) and the equivalent weight per terminal diol moiety of the polyglycerol of interest, determined as described above.

Hydrogel Tissue Adhesives and Sealants

The polyglycerol aldehydes described above may be used in combination with various amine-containing polymers to prepare hydrogel tissue adhesives and sealants for medical and veterinary applications, including, but not limited to, wound closure, supplementing or replacing sutures or staples in internal surgical procedures such as intestinal anastomosis and vascular anastomosis, tissue repair, preventing leakage of fluids such as blood, bile, gastrointestinal fluid and cerebrospinal fluid, ophthalmic procedures, drug delivery, and preventing post-surgical adhesions. For example, a polyglycerol aldehyde may be used in place of an oxidized polysaccharide to react with a multi-arm polyether amine (Kodokian et al., copending and commonly owned U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2006/0078536), as described in detail in the Examples herein below. Alternatively, a polyglycerol aldehyde may be used in place of an oxidized polysaccharide to react with a polymer having amino groups such as chitosan or a modified polyvinyl alcohol having amino groups (Goldmann, U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2005/000289), or with an amino group containing polymer such as poly L-lysine (Nakajima et al., U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2008/0319101).

The polyglycerol aldehydes may be used in various forms to prepare a hydrogel tissue adhesive and sealant. In one embodiment, the polyglycerol aldehyde is used in the form of aqueous solution or dispersion. Dispersion, as used herein, refers to a colloidal suspension capable of reacting with a second reactant in an aqueous medium. To prepare an aqueous solution or dispersion comprising a polyglycerol aldehyde, at least one polyglycerol aldehyde is added to water to give a concentration of about 5% to about 40%, more particularly from about 5% to about 30%, more particularly from about 10% to about 30%, and more particularly from about 20% to about 30% by weight relative to the total weight of the solution or dispersion. Additionally, a mixture of at least two different polyglycerol aldehydes having different weight-average molecular weights, different degrees of aldehyde substitution (i.e., different equivalent weights per aldehyde group), or both different weight-average molecular weights and degrees of aldehyde substitution may be used. Where a mixture of polyglycerol aldehydes is used, the total concentration of the polyglycerol aldehydes is about 5% to about 40% by weight, more particularly from about 5% to about 30%, more particularly from about 10% to about 30%, and more particularly from about 20% to about 30% by weight relative to the total weight of the solution or dispersion.

For use as a component to prepare a hydrogel tissue adhesive or sealant, it is preferred that the aqueous solution or dispersion comprising the polyglycerol aldehyde be sterilized to prevent infection. Any suitable sterilization method known in the art that does not adversely affect the ability of the polyglycerol aldehyde to react to form an effective hydrogel may be used, including, but not limited to, electron beam irradiation, gamma irradiation, ethylene oxide sterilization, or ultra-filtration through a 0.2 μm pore membrane.

The aqueous solution or dispersion comprising the polyglycerol aldehyde may further comprise various additives depending on the intended application. Preferably, the additive does not interfere with effective gelation to form a hydrogel. The amount of the additive used depends on the particular application and may be readily determined by one skilled in the art using routine experimentation. For example, the aqueous solution or dispersion comprising the polyglycerol aldehyde may comprise at least one additive selected from pH modifiers, viscosity modifiers, anti-oxidants, stabilizers, antimicrobials, colorants, surfactants, additives that increase or to decrease the rate of degradation of the hydrogel tissue adhesive or sealant, pharmaceutical drugs and therapeutic agents.

The aqueous solution or dispersion comprising the polyglycerol aldehyde may optionally include at least one pH modifier to adjust the pH of the solution or dispersion. Suitable pH modifiers are well known in the art. The pH modifier may be an acidic or basic compound. Examples of acidic pH modifiers include, but are not limited to, carboxylic acids, inorganic acids, and sulfonic acids. Examples of basic pH modifiers include, but are not limited to, hydroxides, alkoxides, carboxylates, nitrogen-containing compounds other than primary and secondary amines, and basic carbonates and phosphates.

The aqueous solution or dispersion comprising the polyglycerol aldehyde may optionally include at least one antimicrobial agent. Suitable antimicrobial preservatives are well known in the art. Examples of suitable antimicrobials include, but are not limited to, alkyl parabens, such as methylparaben, ethylparaben, propylparaben, and butylparaben; triclosan; chlorhexidine; cresol; chlorocresol; hydroquinone; sodium benzoate and potassium benzoate; polyhexamethylene biguanide; antibiotics effective against bacteria, including aminoglycoside antibiotics such as gentamicin, streptomycin, amikacin and kanamycin, a cephalosporin such as cephalexin and cephtriaxone, a carbacephem such as loracarbef, a glycopeptide such as vancomycin, a macrolide such as erythromycin and rifampicin, a penicillin such as amoxicillin and ampicillin, a polypeptide such as bacitracin and polymyxin B, a quinolone such as ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin and moxifloxacin, a tetracycline such as oxytetracycline and doxycycline, and a sulfonamide; antifungals such as ketoconazole, miconazole and amphotericin B; antivirals such as acyclovir or AZT; antihelminthics; and antiprotozoals.

The aqueous solution or dispersion comprising the polyglycerol aldehyde may optionally include at least one colorant to enhance the visibility of the solution. Suitable colorants include dyes, pigments, and natural coloring agents. Examples of suitable colorants include, but are not limited to, FD&C and D&C colorants, such as FD&C Violet No. 2, FD&C Blue No. 1, D&C Green No. 6, D&C Green No. 5, D&C Violet No. 2; and natural colorants such as beetroot red, canthaxanthin, chlorophyll, eosin, saffron, and carmine.

The aqueous solution or dispersion comprising the polyglycerol aldehyde may optionally include at least one surfactant. Surfactant, as used herein, refers to a compound that lowers the surface tension of water. The surfactant may be an ionic surfactant, such as sodium lauryl sulfate, or a neutral surfactant, such as polyoxyethylene ethers, polyoxyethylene esters, and polyoxyethylene sorbitan.

Additionally, the aqueous solution or dispersion comprising the polyglycerol aldehyde may optionally include at least one pharmaceutical drug or therapeutic agent. Suitable drugs and therapeutic agents are well known in the art (for example see the United States Pharmacopeia (USP), Physician's Desk Reference (Thomson Publishing), The Merck Manual of Diagnosis and Therapy 18th ed., Mark H. Beers and Robert Berkow (eds.), Merck Publishing Group, 2006; or, in the case of animals, The Merck Veterinary Manual, 9th ed., Kahn, C. A. (ed.), Merck Publishing Group, 2005). Nonlimiting examples include, but are not limited to, anti-inflammatory agents, for example, glucocorticoids such as prednisone, dexamethasone, budesonide; non-steroidal anti-inflammatory agents such as indomethacin, salicylic acid acetate, ibuprofen, sulindac, piroxicam, and naproxen; fibrinolytic agents such as a tissue plasminogen activator and streptokinase; anti-coagulants such as heparin, hirudin, ancrod, dicumarol, sincumar, iloprost, L-arginine, dipyramidole and other platelet function inhibitors; antibodies; nucleic acids; peptides; hormones; growth factors; cytokines; chemokines; clotting factors; endogenous clotting inhibitors; antibacterial agents; antiviral agents; antifungal agents; anti-cancer agents; cell adhesion inhibitors; healing promoters; vaccines; thrombogenic agents, such as thrombin, fibrinogen, homocysteine, and estramustine; radio-opaque compounds, such as barium sulfate and gold particles and radiolabels.

EXAMPLES

The present invention is further defined in the following Examples. It should be understood that these Examples, while indicating preferred embodiments of the invention, are given by way of illustration only. From the above discussion and these Examples, one skilled in the art can ascertain the essential characteristics of this invention, and without departing from the spirit and scope thereof, can make various changes and modifications of the invention to adapt it to various uses and conditions.

Reagents

Highly Branched Polyglycerols

Highly branched polyglycerols having nominal molecular weights of 500 (PG-500), 2,000 (PG-2000) and 5,000 (PG-5000) were purchased from Hyperpolymers GmbH, Freiburg, Germany. Hyperbranched polyglycerols having nominal MW 1,000, 5,000 and 10,000 were synthesized according to the method of Sunder et al. (Macromolecules 32:4240-4246, 1999).

Preparation of Dextran Aldehydes

Dextran aldehyde is made by oxidizing dextran in aqueous solution with sodium metaperiodate. D10-50, an oxidized dextran having an average molecular weight of about 10,000 Da and an oxidation conversion of about 50% (i.e., about half of the glucose rings in the dextran polymer are oxidized to dialdehydes) and an equivalent weight (EW) per aldehyde group of about 150, is prepared from dextran having a weight-average molecular weight of 8,500 to 11,500 Daltons (Sigma) by the method described by Cohen et al. (copending and commonly owned International Patent Application Publication No. WO 2008/133847). A typical procedure is described here.

A 20-L reactor equipped with a mechanical stirrer, addition funnel, internal temperature probe, and nitrogen purge is charged with 1000 g of the dextran and 9.00 L of de-ionized water. The mixture is stirred at ambient temperature to dissolve the dextran and then cooled to 10 to 15° C. To the cooled dextran solution is added over a period of an hour, while keeping the reaction temperature below 25° C., a solution of 1000 g of sodium periodate dissolved in 9.00 L of de-ionized water. Once all the sodium periodate solution has been added, the mixture is stirred at 20 to 25° C. for 4 more hours. The reaction mixture is then cooled to 0° C. and filtered to clarify. Calcium chloride (500 g) is added to the filtrate, and the mixture is stirred at ambient temperature for 30 min and then filtered. Potassium iodide (400 g) is added to the filtrate, and the mixture is stirred at ambient temperature for 30 min. A 3-L portion of the resulting red solution is added to 9.0 L of acetone over a period of 10 to 15 min with vigorous stirring by a mechanical stirrer during the addition. After a few more minutes of stirring, the agglomerated product is separated from the supernatant liquid. The remaining red solution obtained by addition of potassium iodide to the second filtrate is treated in the same manner as above. The combined agglomerated product is broken up into pieces, combined with 2 L of methanol in a large stainless steel blender, and blended until the solid becomes granular. The granular solid is recovered by filtration and dried under vacuum with a nitrogen purge. The granular solid is then hammer milled to a fine powder. A 20-L reactor is charged with 10.8 L of de-ionized water and 7.2 L of methanol, and the mixture is cooled to 0° C. The granular solid formed by the previous step is added to the reactor and the slurry is stirred vigorously for one hour. Stirring is discontinued, and the solid is allowed to settle to the bottom of the reactor. The supernatant liquid is decanted by vacuum, 15 L of methanol is added to the reactor, and the slurry is stirred for 30 to 45 min while cooling to 0° C. The slurry is filtered in portions, and the recovered solids are washed with methanol, combined, and dried under vacuum with a nitrogen purge to give about 600 g of the oxidized dextran, which is referred to herein as D10-50.

The degree of oxidation of the product is determined by proton NMR to be about 50% (equivalent weight per aldehyde group=150). In the NMR method, the integrals for two ranges of peaks are determined, specifically, —O₂CHx- at about 6.2 parts per million (ppm) to about 4.15 ppm (minus the HOD peak) and —OCHx- at about 4.15 ppm to about 2.8 ppm (minus any methanol peak if present). The calculation of oxidation level is based on the calculated ratio (R) for these areas, specifically, R═(OCH)/(O₂CH), i.e.,

${\%\mspace{14mu}{oxidation}} = {100 - \frac{300 \times \left( {R - 1} \right)}{3 + {2 \times R}}}$

D10-20, an oxidized dextran having an average molecular weight of about 10,000 Da, an oxidation conversion of about 20% and an EW per aldehyde group of about 400, is prepared in a manner similar to that described above but using proportionately less sodium periodate.

Preparation of Eight-Arm PEG 10K Octaamine (P8-10-1):

Eight-arm PEG 10K octaamine (M_(n)=10 kDa) is synthesized using the two-step procedure described by Chenault in co-pending and commonly owned U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2007/0249870. In the first step, the 8-arm PEG 10K octachloride is made by reaction of thionyl chloride with the 8-arm PEG 10K octaol. In the second step, the 8-arm PEG 10K octachloride is reacted with aqueous ammonia to yield the 8-arm PEG 10K octaamine. A typical procedure is described here.

The 8-arm PEG 10K octaol (M_(n)=10000; SunBright HGEO-10000; NOF Corp., 1000 g) is dissolved in 1.5 L of toluene under an atmosphere of nitrogen in a 4-L glass reaction vessel equipped with a stirrer, reflux condenser and distillation head. The mixture is dried azeotropically by distillative removal of about 500 mL of toluene under reduced pressure (13 kPa, pot temperature 65° C.). The mixture is brought back to atmospheric pressure with nitrogen, and thionyl chloride (233 mL) is added to the mixture over 10 min, keeping the pot temperature below 85° C. After the addition of thionyl chloride is complete, the mixture is heated to 85° C. and stirred at 85° C. for 4 h. Excess thionyl chloride and most of the toluene is removed by vacuum distillation (2 kPa, pot temperature 40-60° C.). Two successive 500-mL portions of toluene are added and evaporated under reduced pressure (2 kPa, bath temperature 60° C.) to complete the removal of thionyl chloride. The pressure is reduced to 0.7-0.9 kPa, and distillation is continued with a pot temperature of 85° C. for 60-90 minutes to complete the removal of toluene. Proton NMR results from one synthesis are: ¹H NMR (500 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ 3.71-3.69 (m, 16H), 3.67-3.65 (m, 16H), 3.50 (s, ˜800H). While the product is still warm, it is dissolved in 1 L of de-ionized water and discharged from the reaction vessel.

The aqueous solution of 8-arm PEG 10K octachloride prepared above is combined with 16 L of concentrated aqueous ammonia (28 wt %) in a 5-gallon stainless steel pressure vessel equipped with a stirrer, and the atmosphere is replaced with nitrogen. The vessel is sealed, and the mixture is heated at 60° C. for 48 hours. The mixture is cooled to 40° C. and sparged with nitrogen (2 L/min) for 18-24 hours with dry nitrogen to drive off ammonia. The nitrogen flow is stopped, and the mixture is stirred under vacuum (2 kPa) for 2 hours at 40° C. The remaining solution is passed through 5.0 kg of strongly basic anion exchange resin (Purolite® A-860, The Purolite Co., Bala-Cynwyd, Pa.) in the hydroxide form packed a 30 inch-long×6 inch-outer diameter column. The eluant is collected and two 7-L portions of de-ionized water are passed through the column and also collected. The aqueous solutions are combined, concentrated under reduced pressure (2 kPa, bath temperature 60° C.) and then dried further at 60° C./0.3 kPa to give about 900-950 g of the 8-arm PEG 10K octaamine, referred to herein as P8-10-1, as a colorless waxy solid.

Preparation of Eight-Arm PEG 10K Hexadecamine (P8-10-2):

Eight-arm PEG 10K hexadecamine (M_(n)=10 kDa, average of 16 primary amine groups per polymer molecule) is synthesized using the two-step procedure described by Arthur et al. in co-pending and commonly owned International Patent Application Publication No. WO 2008/066787. In the first step, the 8-arm PEG 10K octamesylate is made by reacting the 8-arm PEG 10K octaol with methanesulfonyl chloride in the presence of triethylamine. In the second step, the 8-arm PEG 10K octamesylate is reacted in water with tris(2-aminoethyl)amine to yield the 8-arm PEG 10K hexadecamine. A typical to procedure is described here.

Triethylamine (8.8 mL) is added to a solution of 40 g of the 8-arm PEG 10K octaol (M_(n)=10000; SunBright HGEO-10000; NOF Corp.) in 200 mL of CH₂Cl₂ under a blanket of nitrogen. The mixture is cooled with stirring in an ice-water bath. Methanesulfonyl chloride (4.8 mL) is added dropwise to the stirred reaction mixture at 0° C. (CAUTION: EXOTHERM). When the addition of methanesulfonyl chloride is complete, the ice-water bath is removed, and the reaction is stirred at room temperature overnight. The reaction volume is reduced to 80 mL by rotary evaporation and transferred to a separatory funnel, where it is washed gently three times with 60 mL of 1.0 M aqueous potassium dihydrogen phosphate, once with 60 mL of 1 M aqueous potassium carbonate, and once with 60 mL of water. The CH₂Cl₂ layer is dried over of MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated by rotary evaporation to afford a syrup. Yield 85-90%.

A solution of 30 g of 8-arm PEG 10K octamesylate in 149 mL of water is added to a solution of 149 mL of tris(2-aminoethyl)amine in 149 mL of water, and the mixture is stirred at room temperature overnight. Aqueous sodium bicarbonate (10 wt %, 150 mL) is added to the reaction mixture, which is then extracted three times with 180-mL portions of CH₂Cl₂. The combined organic layer is dried over MgSO₄, filtered, and concentrated by rotary evaporation. The resulting clear syrup is precipitated in 500 mL of ether and cooled in an ice bath. The white solid is collected by filtration and dried under high vacuum overnight. Yield 90%. The 8-arm PEG 10K hexadecamine product is referred to herein as P8-10-2.

Example 1 Synthesis of Polyglycerol Aldehyde MW 500

The purpose of this Example was to prepare a polyglycerol aldehyde having an average molecular weight of about 500 Da. The polyglycerol aldehyde was prepared by oxidizing polyglycerol having an average molecular weight of about 500 Da using sodium periodate, i.e.,

A solution of 1.90 g of sodium periodate in 15 mL of water was added to a solution of 1.00 g of polyglycerol PG-500 (Hyperpolymers GmbH, Freiburg, Germany) in 15 mL of water, slowly enough to keep the reaction temperature from rising above 30° C. Once the addition was completed, the mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 2 hours and then poured into 75 mL of methanol. After the precipitated salts had been removed by filtration, the filtrate was evaporated under reduced pressure to give the polyglycerol aldehyde product, which was characterized using ¹H NMR (500 MHz, methanol-d₄).

Example 2 Synthesis of Polyglycerol Aldehyde MW 1,000

The purpose of this Example was to prepare a polyglycerol aldehyde having an average molecular weight of about 1,000 Da. The polyglycerol aldehyde was prepared by oxidizing polyglycerol having an average molecular weight of about 1,000 Da and a degree of branching of about 48% using sodium periodate. The degree of branching of the starting polyglycerol 1000 was determined using the ¹³C NMR spectroscopy method described by A. Sunder et al. (Macromolecules 32:4240-4246, 1999).

A solution of 2.52 g of sodium periodate in 20 mL of water was added to a solution of 2.09 g of polyglycerol 1000 in 10 mL of water, slowly enough to keep the reaction temperature from rising above 30° C. Once the addition was completed, the mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 2 hours, chilled to 0° C. and filtered to remove solids. Calcium chloride dihydrate (0.67 g) was added to the filtrate, which was stirred for 30 min and then filtered to remove solids, generating a second filtrate. To the second filtrate was added 0.5 mL of acetic acid and 3.4 g of potassium iodide. The mixture was stirred for 1 hour, diluted with 90 mL of acetone, and filtered to recover the precipitated polymer. The polymer was washed with a total of 250 mL of acetone, in portions, to remove the brown color of iodine. The polymer was dissolved in methanol, the solution was filtered and then evaporated under reduced pressure, and the residue was dried under vacuum. The yield of polyglycerol aldehyde product was 1.157 g (68%). The polyglycerol aldehyde product was characterized using ¹H NMR (500 MHz, D₂O).

Example 3 Synthesis of Polyglycerol Aldehyde MW 2,000

The purpose of this Example was to prepare a polyglycerol aldehyde having an average molecular weight of about 2,000 Da. The polyglycerol aldehyde was prepared by oxidizing polyglycerol having an average molecular weight of about 2,000 Da and a degree of branching of about 51%. using sodium periodate. The degree of branching of the starting polyglycerol 2000 was determined using the ¹³C NMR spectroscopy method described by A. Sunder et al. (Macromolecules 32:4240-4246, 1999) and was also calculated from its number average molecular weight (M_(n)) and its equivalent weight per terminal diol moiety, as described above. Both methods gave comparable results.

A solution of 21.20 g of NalO₄ in 193 mL of water was added to a solution of 21.95 g of polyglycerol 2000 (Hyperpolymers GmbH) dissolved in 86 mL of water, slowly enough to keep the reaction temperature from rising above 30° C. Once the addition was completed, the mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for half an hour. Titration of an aliquot of the reaction mixture for iodate and residual periodate, according to the method of Belcher et al. (Analytica Chimica Acta 41:395-397, 1968), indicated that 97.5% of the periodate had been consumed and converted to iodate. The reaction solution was dialyzed (Spectrum Spectrapor 6 tubing, MWCO 1,000) for 2.5 days against 6,7-L portions of deionized water, until treating a 1-mL aliquot of the dialyzate with 2 mL of 2.1 M chloroacetate buffer, pH 2.0, a pinch of potassium iodide and 6 drops of 1% starch gave no color. The solution in the dialysis tubing was frozen and lyophilized to give the polyglycerol aldehyde MW 2,000, which was characterized using ¹H NMR (500 MHz, D₂O).

Example 4 Synthesis of Polyglycerol Aldehyde MW 5,000, EW 200

The purpose of this Example was to prepare a polyglycerol aldehyde having an average molecular weight of about 5,000 Da and an equivalent weight per aldehyde group of about 200 Da. The polyglycerol aldehyde was prepared by oxidizing polyglycerol having an average molecular weight of about 5,000 Da and a degree of branching of about 60% using sodium periodate and purified by dialysis, i.e.,

The degree of branching of the starting polyglycerol 5000 was calculated from its number average molecular weight (M_(n)) and its equivalent weight per terminal diol moiety, as described above.

A solution of 11.52 g of NalO₄ in 50 mL of water was added to a solution of 10.06 g of polyglycerol 5000 (Hyperpolymers GmbH) dissolved in 30 mL of water, slowly enough to keep the reaction temperature from rising above 30° C. Once the addition was completed, the mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 1 hour. Titration of an aliquot of the reaction mixture for iodate and residual iodate, according to the method of Belcher et al., supra, indicated that 74.9% of the periodate had been consumed and converted to iodate. The reaction solution was dialyzed (Visking Membra-Cel 3500/4, MWCO 3,500) for 2.5 days against 6,7-L portions of deionized water, until treating a 1-mL aliquot of the dialyzate with 2 mL of 2.1 M chloroacetate buffer, pH 2.0, a pinch of potassium iodide and 6 drops of 1% starch gave no color. The solution in the dialysis tubing was frozen and lyophilized to give 4.89 g of polyglycerol aldehyde MW 5,000, EW 200, referred to herein as PGA-5-200.

Size exclusion chromatography with multi-angle light scattering detection (SEC-MALS) [mobile phase PBS (10 mM phosphate, 2.7 mM KCl, 0.137 M NaCl, pH 7.4), 0.5 mL/min, two TSKgel GMPWXL mixed-bed columns (TOSOH Bioscience LLC, Montgomeryville, Pa.), column temperature 30° C., do/dc 0.124 mL/g] gave M_(n) 5,000, M_(w) 10,700 and M_(w)/M_(n) 2.1. The polyglycerol aldehyde was characterized using ¹H NMR (500 MHz, D₂O).

Based on the quantity of periodate consumed (FW of NalO₄ is 213.89) and the fact that each equivalent of periodate consumed results in the loss of an equivalent of methanol (FW 32.04) from the polymer, the equivalent weight (EW) per aldehyde was calculated as:

$\begin{matrix} {{EW} = \frac{{mass}\mspace{14mu}{of}\mspace{14mu}{polymer}}{{mole}\mspace{14mu}{equivalents}\mspace{14mu}{of}\mspace{14mu}{aldehyde}}} \\ {= \frac{\begin{matrix} {{{mass}\mspace{14mu}{of}\mspace{14mu}{original}\mspace{14mu}{polyglycerol}} -} \\ {{mass}\mspace{14mu}{of}\mspace{14mu}{equivalents}\mspace{14mu}{of}\mspace{14mu}{methanol}\mspace{14mu}{lost}} \end{matrix}}{{mole}\mspace{14mu}{equivalents}\mspace{14mu}{of}\mspace{14mu}{periodate}\mspace{14mu}{consumed}}} \\ {= {\frac{10.06 - {0.749 \times \frac{11.52}{213.89} \times 32.04}}{0.749 \times \frac{11.52}{213.89}} = 217}} \end{matrix}$

Example 5 Synthesis of Polyglycerol Aldehyde MW 5,000, EW 400

The purpose of this Example was to prepare a polyglycerol aldehyde having an average molecular weight of about 5,000 Da and an equivalent weight per aldehyde group of about 400 Da. The polyglycerol aldehyde was prepared by oxidizing polyglycerol having an average molecular weight of about 5,000 Da and a degree of branching of about 60% using sodium periodate. The degree of branching of the starting polyglycerol 5000 was calculated from its number average molecular weight (M_(n)) and its equivalent weight per terminal diol moiety, as described above.

A solution of 5.40 g of NalO₄ in 31 mL of water was added to a solution of 10.92 g of polyglycerol 5000 (Hyperpolymers GmbH) dissolved in 30 mL of water, slowly enough to keep the reaction temperature from rising above 30° C. Once the addition was completed, the mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for half an hour and then dialyzed (Visking Membra-Cel 3500/4, MWCO 3,500) for 2.8 days against 7, 7-L portions of deionized water, until treating a 1-mL aliquot of the dialyzate with 2 mL of 2.1 M chloroacetate buffer, pH 2.0, a pinch of potassium iodide and 6 drops of 1% starch gave no color. The solution in the dialysis tubing was frozen and lyophilized to give 4.28 g of the polyglycerol aldehyde MW 5,000, EW 400, which was characterized using ¹H NMR (500 MHz, D₂O).

Using the method described in Example 4, the equivalent weight (EW) per aldehyde group was calculated as:

${EW} = {\frac{10.92 - {\frac{5.40}{213.89} \times 32.04}}{\frac{5.40}{213.89}} = 400}$

SEC-MALS [mobile phase PBS (10 mM phosphate, 2.7 mM KCl, 0.137 M NaCl, pH 7.4), 0.5 mL/min, two TSKgel GMPWXL mixed-bed columns (TOSOH Bioscience LLC), column temperature 30° C., do/dc 0.124 mL/g] gave M_(n) 4,200, M_(w) 11,200 and M_(w)/M_(n) 2.6.

Example 6 Synthesis of Polyglycerol Aldehyde MW 5,000, EW 200

The purpose of this Example was to prepare a polyglycerol aldehyde having an average molecular weight of about 5,000 Da and an equivalent weight per aldehyde group of about 200 Da. The polyglycerol aldehyde was prepared by oxidizing polyglycerol having an average molecular weight of about 5,000 Da and a degree of branching of about 42% using sodium periodate and purified by a series of precipitations. The degree of branching of the starting polyglycerol 5000 was determined using the ¹³C NMR spectroscopy method described by A. Sunder et al. (Macromolecules 32:4240-4246, 1999). The polyglycerol 5000 was exhaustively oxidized, as in Example 4, to give a polyglycerol aldehyde having an equivalent weight per aldehyde of about 200 Da.

A solution of 50.00 g of NalO₄ in 450 mL of water was added to a solution of 50.00 g of polyglycerol 5000 dissolved in 150 mL of water, slowly enough to keep the reaction temperature from rising above 30° C. Once the addition was completed, the mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 1 hour. Ethylene glycol (3 mL) was added to quench excess periodate. The mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for half an hour, diluted with 2 L of isopropanol and filtered to remove precipitated salts. The mixture was concentrated by evaporating under reduced pressure to about 200 mL. Titration of an aliquot of the resulting mixture for residual iodate and periodate, according to the method of Belcher et al., supra, indicated the presence of 3.10 mmol of iodate and 0.135 mmol of periodate remaining in the product. Calcium chloride dihydrate (0.458 g, 3.12 mmol) and 500 mL of isopropanol were added to the mixture, which was then filtered through 20 g (2.5×0.875-inch pad) of Celite® 454 diatomaceous earth (World Minerals, Lompoc, Calif.). The mixture was concentrated by evaporating under reduced pressure, using additional water to ensure removal of isopropanol, and the resulting aqueous solution was lyophilized to give 46.4 g of the polyglycerol aldehyde MW 5,000, EW 200, which was characterized using ¹H NMR (500 MHz, D₂O).

SEC-MALS [mobile phase PBS (10 mM phosphate, 2.7 mM KCl, 0.137 M NaCl, pH 7.4), 0.5 mL/min, two TSKgel GMPWXL mixed-bed columns (TOSOH Bioscience LLC), column temperature 30° C., do/dc 0.124 mL/g] gave M_(n) 2,460, M_(w) 8,580 and M_(w)/M_(n) 3.5.

Example 7 Synthesis of Polyglycerol Aldehyde MW 10,000, EW 200

The purpose of this Example was to prepare a polyglycerol aldehyde having an average molecular weight of about 10,000 Da and an equivalent weight per aldehyde group of about 200 Da. The polyglycerol aldehyde was prepared by oxidizing polyglycerol having an average molecular weight of about 10,000 Da and a degree of branching of about 62% using sodium periodate. The degree of branching of the starting polyglycerol 10,000 was calculated from its number average molecular weight (M_(n)) and its equivalent weight per terminal diol moiety, as described above.

A solution of 45.37 g of NalO₄ in 400 mL of water was added to a solution of 40.37 g of polyglycerol 10,000 dissolved in 120 mL of water, slowly enough to keep the reaction temperature from rising above 30° C. Once the addition was completed, the mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 1 hour. Titration of an aliquot of the reaction mixture for iodate and residual periodate, according to the method of Belcher et al., supra, indicated that 82.8% of the periodate had been consumed and converted to iodate. Ethylene glycol (3 mL) was added to quench excess periodate. The mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for half an hour, diluted with 2 L of isopropanol and filtered to remove precipitated salts. The mixture was concentrated by evaporating under reduced pressure to about 230 mL. Titration of an aliquot of the resulting mixture for residual iodate and periodate, according to the method of Belcher et al., supra, indicated the presence of 1.89 mmol of iodate and 0.000 mmol of periodate remaining in the product. Calcium chloride dihydrate (0.279 g, 1.90 mmol) and 700 mL of isopropanol were added to the mixture, which was then filtered through 20 g (2.5×0.875-inch pad) of Celite® 454 diatomaceous earth. The mixture was concentrated by evaporating under reduced pressure, using additional water to ensure removal of isopropanol, and the resulting aqueous solution was lyophilized to give 35.8 g of the polyglycerol aldehyde MW 10,000, EW 200, which was characterized using ¹H NMR (500 MHz, D₂O).

Using the method described in Example 4, the equivalent weight (EW) per aldehyde was calculated as:

${EW} = {\frac{40.37 - {0.828 \times \frac{45.37}{213.89} \times 32.04}}{0.828 \times \frac{45.37}{213.89}} = 198}$

SEC-MALS [mobile phase PBS (10 mM phosphate, 2.7 mM KCl, 0.137 M NaCl, pH 7.4), 0.5 mL/min, two TSKgel GMPWXL mixed-bed columns (TOSOH Bioscience LLC), column temperature 30° C., do/dc 0.124 mL/g] gave M_(n) 4,610, M_(w) 8,510 and M_(w)/M_(n) 2.1.

Example 8 Synthesis of Polyglycerol Aldehyde MW 10,000, EW 400

The purpose of this Example was to prepare a polyglycerol aldehyde having an average molecular weight of about 10,000 Da and an equivalent weight per aldehyde group of about 400 Da. The polyglycerol aldehyde was prepared by oxidizing polyglycerol having an average molecular weight of about 10,000 Da and a degree of branching of about 62% using sodium periodate. The degree of branching of the starting polyglycerol 10,000 was calculated from its number average molecular weight (M_(n)) and its equivalent weight per terminal diol moiety, as described above.

A solution of 21.39 g of NalO₄ in 200 mL of water was added to a solution of 39.48 g of polyglycerol 10,000 dissolved in 120 mL of water, slowly enough to keep the reaction temperature from rising above 30° C. Once the addition was completed, the mixture was stirred at ambient temperature for 1 hour. Isopropanol (2 L) was added, and the mixture was filtered to remove precipitated salts. The mixture was concentrated by evaporating under reduced pressure to about 200 mL. Titration of an aliquot of the resulting mixture for residual iodate and periodate, according to the method of Belcher et al., supra, indicated the presence of 0.329 mmol of iodate and 0.000 mmol of periodate remaining in the product. Calcium chloride dihydrate (0.050 g, 0.34 mmol) and 500 mL of isopropanol were added to the mixture, which was then filtered through 20 g (2.5×0.875-inch pad) of Celite® 454 diatomaceous earth. The mixture was concentrated by evaporating under reduced pressure, using additional water to ensure removal of isopropanol, and the resulting aqueous solution was lyophilized to give 17.4 g of the polyglycerol aldehyde MW 10,000, EW 400, which was characterized using ¹H NMR (500 MHz, D₂O).

Using the method described in Example 4, the equivalent weight (EW) per aldehyde was calculated as:

${EW} = {\frac{39.48 - {\frac{21.39}{213.89} \times 32.04}}{\frac{21.39}{213.89}} = 363}$

SEC-MALS [mobile phase PBS (10 mM phosphate, 2.7 mM KCl, 0.137 M NaCl, pH 7.4), 0.5 mL/min, two TSKgel GMPWXL mixed-bed columns (TOSOH Bioscience), column temperature 30° C., do/dc 0.124 mL/g] gave M_(n) 3,590, M_(w) 5,440 and M_(w)/M_(n) 1.5.

Examples 9 and 10 Stability of Polyglycerol Aldehyde MW 5,000 EW 200

The purpose of these Examples was to compare the stability of polyglycerol aldehyde, MW 5,000, EW 200, with dextran aldehyde D10-50 when stored in aqueous solution.

Aqueous solutions (25 wt % solids) of polyglycerol aldehyde, MW 5000, EW 200 (PGA-5-200) (Example 9), prepared according to Example 4, and dextran aldehyde D10-50 (Example 10, Comparative), prepared as described in Reagents, were incubated at 45° C. and periodically assayed for solution viscosity using a Brookfield viscometer. The molecular weight of the PGA-5-200 before and after aging at 45° C. was also determined by SEC-MALS. The viscosity results are summarized in Table 1. Whereas PGA-5-200 shows no loss of solution viscosity after 12 days, D10-50 shows second-order loss of solution viscosity with a half-life of 16 days. The M_(w) of PGA-5-200, is determined by SEC-MALS, before and after aging in solution at 45° C. for 12 days was 9,300 and 9,600, respectively, again indicating that PGA-5-200 is stable when stored in aqueous solution.

TABLE 1 Stability of Polyglycerol Aldehyde PGA-5-200 and Dextran Aldehyde D10-50 in Aqueous Solution. 45° C. Test Age, Viscosity, Example Substance Days cP  9 PGA-5-200 0 8.0 6 7.8 12 9.2 10, D10-50 0 19.6 Comparative 6 13.9 12 11.3

Examples 11 and 12 Stability of Polyglycerol Aldehyde MW 5,000 EW 200

The purpose of these Examples was to compare the molecular weight stability of polyglycerol aldehyde, MW 5,000, EW 200, with that of dextran aldehyde D10-50 when stored in aqueous solution. Weight-average molecular weights (M_(w)) were measured by SEC-MALS.

Aqueous solutions (25 wt % solids) of polyglycerol aldehyde, MW 5000, EW 200 (PGA-5-200) (Example 11), prepared according to Example 4, and dextran aldehyde D10-50 (Example 12, Comparative), prepared as described in Reagents, were incubated at 40° C. and periodically assayed for weight-average molecular weight (M_(w)) by SEC-MALS [mobile phase PBS (10 mM phosphate, 2.7 mM KCl, 0.137 M NaCl, pH 7.4), 0.5 mL/min, TSKgel G5000PWXL and G3000PWXL columns in series (TOSOH Bioscience, 1 each), column temperature 35° C., dn/dc 0.124 mL/g]. The results are summarized in Table 2. Whereas PGA-5-200 shows no loss of M_(w) after accelerated aging at 40° C., D10-50 shows an 11% decrease in M_(w) after 7 days of accelerated aging at 40° C.

TABLE 2 Stability of Polyglycerol Aldehyde PGA-5-200 and Dextran Aldehyde D10-50 in Aqueous Solution at 40° C. Test Age, Example Substance Days M_(w) 11 PGA-5-200 0 10,700 4 10,455 6 10,670 7  nd* 8 10,970 12, D10-50 0 9,900 Comparative 4 nd 6 nd 7 8,800 8 nd *nd means not determined.

Example 13 Hydrogel Formation

The purpose of this Example was to demonstrate the formation of a hydrogel by the reaction of a polyglycerol aldehyde and a multi-arm PEG amine.

An aqueous solution (100 μL) of a 25 wt % polyglycerol aldehyde MW 1,000, prepared as described in Example 2, was stirred together with 100 μL of a 50 wt % aqueous solution of eight-arm PEG 10K octaamine P8-10-1, prepared as described in Reagents. The results of six replicate gelation time measurements (i.e., mean and standard deviation) are given in Table 3

TABLE 3 Gelation Times for the Formation of a Hydrogel Time to string formation  9.2 ± 0.8 sec Time to fixed shape 24.5 ± 1.4 sec Time to tack-free 38.2 ± 1.0 sec

The results in Table 3 demonstrate that a hydrogel is formed within a short period of time by the reaction of polyglycerol aldehyde MW 1,000 and multi-arm PEG amine P8-10-1.

Examples 14-16 Hydrogel Formation Measured by Oscillating Disk Rheometry

The purpose of these Examples was to demonstrate the formation of a hydrogel by the reaction of a polyglycerol aldehyde and a multi-arm PEG amine. The formation of the hydrogel was measured by oscillating disk rheometry.

About 1.6 mL of an aqueous solution of polyglycerol aldehyde MW 5,000, EW 200 (PGA-5-200), prepared as described in Example 4, and about 1.6 mL of an aqueous solution containing eight-arm PEG octaamine P8-10-1, prepared as described in Reagents, were expressed from a 5-mL double-barreled syringe (Mixpac SDL X05-01-50M with plunger parts PLH X05-01-45M and PPD X05-01-02SM) through a 12-step static mixing tip (Mixpac ML 2.5-12-SM) onto the sample platform of a Model APA2000 rheometer (Alpha Technologies, Akron, Ohio). The two plates were brought together and values of storage modulus (G′) were measured about every 2 seconds for a total of 3 minutes. The value of G′ at 21 seconds was taken as a measure of speed of gelation. The results are shown in Table 4. Hydrogels having a range of acceptable mechanical properties can be generated by adjusting the concentrations and proportions of the polyglycerol aldehyde and the multi-arm PEG amine.

TABLE 4 Rheometry Results of Hydrogel Formation PGA-5-200 P8-10-1 G′ (21 sec) Example (wt %) (wt %) (kPa) 14 25 50 66 15 25 30 44 16 20 20 14.3

Examples 17-24 In-Vitro Burst Testing of a Sealed Scalpel Incision

The purpose of these Examples was to demonstrate the burst strength of a seal of an incision in swine uterine horn using hydrogels formed from polyglycerol aldehydes and a multi-arm PEG amine.

Aqueous solutions of polyglycerol aldehydes, prepared according to Examples 3 through 5, were each loaded into one side of a double barreled syringe, as in Examples 14-16, and a 30 or 50 wt % aqueous solution of multi-arm PEG octaamine P8-10-1, prepared as described in Reagents, was loaded into the other side. A 12-step static mixing tip (Mixpac ML 2.5-12-LM) was attached to the nozzle of each syringe.

Fresh swine uterine horn, obtained from a local abattoir, was cut into 2 to 3-inch (5 to 7.5 cm) sections, and a 1-cm incision was made with scissors transverse to the lumen. A mixture of the two aqueous solutions described above was applied to the cut using a double-barreled syringe with mixing tip and allowed to cure for 1.0-1.5 min. The uterine horn section was then attached at one end to tubing connected to a syringe pump with pressure gauge. The uterine horn section was clamped shut at the other end, submerged in water, and purple-dyed water was pumped through the section at a rate of 10 mL/min. The pressure at which the seal burst and the mode of failure (cohesive versus adhesive) were noted. The results, given as mean and standard deviation, are summarized in Table 5.

TABLE 5 Results of Burst Pressure Measurements Polyglycerol Exam- aldehyde P8-10-1 Burst Pressure ple (wt %) (wt %) (psi) Failure 17 MW 2,000 EW 200 50 1.3 ± 0.2 adhesive from Example 3    (9.0 ± 1.4 kPa) 35% 18 MW 2,000 EW 200 50 2.3 ± 0.4 cohesive from Example 3   (15.9 ± 2.8 kPa) 25% 19 MW 2,000 EW 200 30 1.1 ± 0.6 cohesive from Example 3    (7.6 ± 4.1 kPa) 35% 20 MW 5,000 EW 400 50 2.7 ± 0.5 cohesive from Example 5   (18.6 ± 3.4 kPa) 30% 21 MW 5,000 EW 200 50 0.8 + 0.4 adhesive from Example 4    (5.5 ± 2.8 kPa) 30% 22 MW 5,000 EW 200 50 4.0 ± 0.6 adhesive from Example 4   (27.6 ± 4.1 kPa) 25%

For comparison, burst pressure measurements were made as described above using oxidized dextrans in place of the polyglycerol aldehydes. Specifically, an aqueous solution containing D10-20 or D10-50 (prepared as described in Reagents) was used in combination with an aqueous solution containing P8-10-1 PEG amine to seal an incision in swine uterine horn. The results are presented in Table 6.

TABLE 6 Comparative Results of Burst Pressure Measurements dextran Burst aldehyde P8-10-1 Pressure Example (wt %) (wt %) (psi) Failure 23, D10-20 50 2.6 adhesive Comparative EW 400 (18 kPa) 30% 24, D10-50 50 2.9 adhesive Comparative EW 150 (20 kPa) 30%

The results shown in Table 5 demonstrate that hydrogel adhesives formed from polyglycerol aldehydes and multi-arm PEG amines exhibit burst strengths that are adequate for tissue adhesive, sealant and other in vivo applications. Comparison of the results shown in Table 5 with the results shown in Table 6 demonstrate that polyglycerol aldehydes, when combined with a water-dispersible multi-arm polyether amine, produce tissue adhesives with adhesive strengths similar to or greater than those of comparable formulations produced with an oxidized polysaccharide (Comparative Examples 23 and 24).

Example 25 Cytotoxicity Testing of Hydrogels

The purpose of this Example was to demonstrate the safety of hydrogels formed from a polyglycerol aldehyde and a multi-arm PEG amine in an in vitro cytotoxicity test.

Double-barreled 5-mL syringes and plunger parts, as in Examples 14-16, and 12-step static mixing tips (Mixpac ML 2.5-12-LM) were sealed in protective pouches and sterilized by autoclaving. An aqueous solution of 25 wt % polyglycerol aldehyde MW 5,000, EW 200 (PGA-5-200), prepared according to Example 4, and aqueous solutions of 20 and 30 wt % 8-arm PEG 10K octaamine P8-10-1, prepared as described in Reagents, were sterile filtered (0.2 μm) and then manipulated within a sterile hood. The polyglycerol aldehyde solution was loaded into one side of a double barreled syringe, and the 20 or 30 wt % P8-10-1 solution was loaded into the other side. A 12-step static mixing tip was attached to the nozzle of each syringe.

Flat strips of adhesive hydrogel were extruded from each double-barreled syringe through the static mixing tip into the well of a sterile polystyrene culture plate. Using sterile technique, a 30 mg sample of each hydrogel was transferred into a 35 mm-diameter well of a sterile polystyrene is culture plate and covered with 2 mL of Dulbecco's modified essential medium (DMEM) supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum. The well was then seeded with 1 mL (50,000 to 100,000 cells) of an overnight culture of NIH3T3 mouse fibroblast cells, obtained from the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC; Manassas, Va.) and grown in DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum. After 24 and 48 hours of incubation at 37° C., the cells were examined for cell rounding (indicating death), confluent coating of the well bottom, growth up to the edges of the hydrogel, and overgrowth of the hydrogel (indicating adhesion of cell cultures to the hydrogel). Tests were run in triplicate. Cells incubated in the absence of hydrogel served as a positive control for cell viability, and cells incubated in the presence of a 1 cm×1 cm strip of PVC (polyvinyl chloride) according to ISO 10993-5:1999 served as a negative control for cell viability. Hydrogels formed from both 25 wt % polyglycerol aldehyde plus 20 wt % PEG amine solutions, and 25 wt % polyglycerol aldehyde plus 30 wt % PEG amine solutions showed no sign of cytotoxicity toward NIH3T3 mouse fibroblasts according to this assay. Cells formed confluent monolayers, comparable to the positive control that extended to, but did not overgrow the hydrogel samples. These results suggest that hydrogels formed from polyglycerol aldehydes and multi-arm PEG amines are safe for use in the body.

Examples 26-27 In Vitro Degradation of Hydrogels

The purpose of these Examples was to demonstrate the degradation over time of hydrogels formed from a polyglycerol aldehyde and a multi-arm PEG amine in an in vitro degradation test.

One barrel of a double-barreled 5-mL syringe, as in Examples 14-16, was loaded with a 20 or 25 wt % solution of polyglycerol aldehyde MW 5,000, EW 200, prepared according to Example 4. The other barrel was loaded with a 25 wt % solution of a 5:1 (w/w) mixture of 8-arm PEG 10K octaamine P8-10-1, prepared as described in Reagents, and 8-arm PEG 10K hexadecamine P8-10-2, prepared as described in Reagents. A 12-step static mixing tip (MixPac ML 2.5-12-SM) was attached to each syringe. Hydrogel was extruded from each double-barreled syringe through the mixing tip into a Teflon® mold to create strips approximately 30 mm×7 mm×1 mm. Each strip was cured for 15 min before being removed from the mold. Each test strip was individually placed in a pre-wetted, tared stainless steel mesh (#400) cup, and the cup plus sample was weighed, placed in a 20-mL scintillation vial and covered with about 18 mL of Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline (DPBS). The capped vials, each containing a test strip plus mesh cup, were incubated at 37° C. and 105 rpm in an orbital shaker. Periodically, each mesh cup with test strip was removed from its vial, patted dry with a paper towel, weighed, returned to its vial and covered with about 18 mL of fresh DPBS. Each vial was then capped and returned to the orbital shaker. Duplicate test strips of each formulation were run. The masses of duplicate test strip recorded at each time point were averaged, and the results are summarized in Table 7.

These Examples demonstrate that hydrogels formed from a polyglycerol aldehyde and multi-arm PEG amines persist in an aqueous environment for days but degrade over time.

TABLE 7 Mass of Hydrogel Samples (% of original) During In vitro Degradation^(a) wt % polyglycerol time, Exam- aldehyde MW hours ple 5,000, EW 200^(b) 0 5 24 48 168 192 26 20 100 144 130 116 82 70 27 25 100 237 221 195 152 138 ^(a)Masses (% of original) are the mean of duplicate runs. ^(b)Wt % of polyglycerol aldehyde MW 5,000, EW 200, in solution before being combined with PEG amine. Each hydrogel was formed by mixing the solution of polyglycerol aldehyde MW 5,000, EW 200, with a 25 wt % solution of 5:1 (w/w) P8-10-1:P8-10-2. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A polymer comprising glycerol monomers connected by ether linkages and having 3 to about 170 aldehyde groups per molecule wherein said polymer has the general formula:

wherein: A is either (a) a hydrocarbyl group derived by removing one or more hydroxyl groups from an alcohol or polyol containing 1 to 20 carbon atoms and 1 to 8 hydroxyl groups or (b) an oxahydrocarbyl or polyoxahydrocarbyl group derived by removing one or more hydroxyl groups from the reaction product of (i) an alcohol or polyol containing 1 to 20 carbon atoms and 1 to 8 hydroxyl groups cyclic ethers, wherein the of the reaction product is less than or equal to 5,000 Da; R¹ is hydrogen atom, a 1 to 8-carbon hydrocarbyl group, R²—[O—R³—CHO]_(p), or R³—CHO; R² is a polymeric segment comprising 1 to 270 glycerol units connected by ether linkages, wherein each —[O—R³—CHO]_(p), or —[O—R³—CHO]_(m) group is attached directly to R² by a carbon-oxygen single bond, and wherein no carbon atom that bears an —[O—R³—CHO]_(p), or —[O—R³—CHO]_(m) group also bears a hydroxyl group, a second —[O—R³—CHO]_(p), or —[O—R³—CHO]_(m) group, or a bond to a second oxygen atom; R³ is a hydrocarbylene group containing 1 to 2 carbon atoms; and n=1 to 8; m·n=3 to 170; and p=1 to 40, wherein n, m and p are integers.
 2. The polymer according to claim 1 wherein said polymer has a number-average molecular weight of about 400 to about 20,000 Daltons and an equivalent weight per aldehyde group of about 100 to about 3,000 Daltons.
 3. The polymer according to claim 1 wherein the cyclic ethers are selected from the group consisting of oxirane, methyloxirane, oxetane and oxolane.
 4. The polymer according to claim 1 wherein in the general formula A is CH₃CH₂C(CH₂—)₃, derived by removing three hydroxyl groups from trimethylolpropane; R² is a polymeric segment consisting of 1 to 60 glycerol units connected by ether linkages; R³ is —CH₂—; R¹ is a hydrogen atom, R²—[O—R³—CHO]_(p), or R³—CHO; m=1 to 30; n=3; and p=1 to
 30. 5. The polymer according to claim 1 wherein said polymer has a degree of branching of about 10% to about 99.9%. 